Medical care is not free at the point of delivery in France. Carry a European Health Insurance Card. The fastest way to obtain one is to apply directly on the EHIC website.

Pharmacies are the first port of call for most common ailments. The sign for a chemist is a large, flashing green cross. You will see lots of these in every town.
The pharmacist will advise whether a doctor's consultation is required and tell you where to find the nearest doctor. In France pharmacies sell all sorts of items only available on prescription in the UK; antibiotics, strong painkillers, asthma inhalers...

International Rescue (oh yeah!) 112 connects to local operator, from anywhere in Europe

Fire Brigade (Pompiers) 18 call the fire brigade to assess which services are needed

Ambulance 15 if it is impossible to get to hospital by any other means (taxi)

Police 17